Commission K: Electromagnetics in Biology and Medicine

Officers (2024-2026)

Sima Noghanian

Chair

Distinguished Antenna Design Engineer, CommScope Ruckus Networks

sima_noghanian@ieee.org

Ifana Mahbub

Vice-Chair

Professor, The University of Texas at Dallas

ifana.mahbub@utdallas.edu

Abas Sabouni

Secretary

abas.sabouni@wilkes.edu

Karthikeya Kakaraparty

Publicity (Website and LinkedIn)

karthik.kakaraparty@ieee.org

Description

Commission K is charged with promoting research and development in the following domains:

Physical interactions of electromagnetic fields with biological systems;
Biological effects of electromagnetic fields;
Interaction mechanisms;
Human exposure assessment;
Experimental exposure systems;
Medical applications.

Membership

Become a Member of Commission K

Social Media

Join our USNC-URSI Commission K LinkedIn Group

Past Chairs

Asimina Kiourti (2022 - 2023)
Majid Manteghi (2018 - 2021)
Mahta Moghaddam (2015 - 2017)
Erdem Topsakal (2012 - 2014)
Susan C. Hagness (2009 - 2011)
Gianluca Lazzi (2006 - 2008)
Om Gandhi (2003 - 2005)
Frank S. Barnes (2000 - 2002)
James C. Lin (1992 - 1999)

Note: Commission K first appeared in the 1992 NRSM.

Membership List

Members

L. Anderson
F. Barnes
N. Behdad
C. Blackman
K. Chen
C. Chou
M. Elshenawi
C. Furse
O. Gandhi
L. Gianluca
G. Luis
S. Hagness
A. Ishimaru
M. Kanda
A. Kiourti
Y. Kuga
H. Lai
R. Liburdy
J. Lin
J. Lundquist
I. Mahbub
M. Manteghi
M. Moghaddam
S. Noghanian
K. Paulsen
E. Porter
Y. Rahmat-Samii
C. Ramon
S. Roy
A. Sabouni
J. Simpson
S. Sharma
A. Sheppard
E. Topsakal
J. Wang

Early Career Members

T. Bowman
B. Dontha
C. Jenkins
S. Kandala
L. Linkous
V. Mishra
Y. Mohtashami
S. Nabanita
A. Nandikanti
A. Nunnally
A. Rice
J. Sawicki
M. Suche

Associate Career Members

R. Green
H. Gurhan
K. Kakaraparty

Books by Members

"Antenna and Sensor Technologies in Modern Medical Applications"
Editor(s): Yahya Rahmat-Samii; Erdem Topsakal

"Implanted Antennas in Medical Wireless Communications"
Authors: Yahya Rahmat-Samii, Jaehoon Kim

"Basic Introduction to Bioelectromagnetics" 2nd Edition
Authors: Cynthia Furse, Douglas A. Christensen, Carl H. Durney

"Wearable Antennas and Electronics"
Editors: Asimina Kiourti, John L. Volakis

"Microwave Tomography"
Global Optimization, Parallelization and Performance Evaluation
Authors: Sima Noghanian, Abas Sabouni, Travis Desell, Ali AshtariS

"Biological Effects and Medical Applications of Electromagnetic Fields"
Author: Om P. Gandhi

Phantom Recipes

Data prepared by Karthik Kakaraparty, Ph.D.

A · A.1 · Ref 1

Free Full-text Available

Characterization of a dielectric phantom for high-field magnetic resonance imaging applications

Main Authors: Duan

Publication link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25281973/

Email: Qi.Duan@nih.gov

Tissue / Anatomy: muscle, brain

Materials used: deionized water, water, NaCl, sucrose, agar, benzoic acid

Material state: Gel / hydrogel (cast)

Frequency range / Wavelength: 150 MHz to 4.5 GHz

Measurement instruments: Agilent 85070E, Agilent E5071C, E5071C, 85070E, vector network analyzer, open-ended coaxial, dielectric probe

A · A.2 · Ref 2

Free Full-text Available

NIH/NINDS — Dielectric Phantom Recipe Generator

Main Authors: NIH/NINDS

Publication link: https://amri.ninds.nih.gov/cgi-bin/phantomrecipe

Email: ryan.brown@tnyumc.org

Tissue / Anatomy: skin, muscle, fat

Materials used: deionized water, water, agar, gelatin, PVP

Material state: Gel / hydrogel (cast)

Frequency range / Wavelength: Not specified

Measurement instruments: Open-ended coaxial, dielectric probe, MRI, magnetic resonance

B · B.1 · Ref 3

Free Full-text Available

High-gain, Compact UWB Antenna for Wireless Power Transfer Based Wearable Applications

Main Authors: K. Kakaraparty, I. Mahbub

Publication link: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10806827

Email: karthik.kakaraparty@ieee.org, Ifana.Mahbub@utdallas.edu

Tissue / Anatomy: muscle

Materials used: deionized water, water, NaCl, agar, gelatin, benzoic acid

Material state: Gel / hydrogel (cast)

Frequency range / Wavelength: MHz band wireless power transfer frequencies, centered at 6.78 MHz (with measurements also covering approximately 6-10 MHz resonant conditions)

Measurement instruments: Keysight N1500A, Keysight E8361C, E8361C, N1500A, PNA, dielectric probe

B · B.2 · Ref 4

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UWB Wearable Antenna With a Full Ground Plane Based on PDMS-Embedded Conductive Fabric

Main Authors: R. Simorangkir, A. Kiourti

Publication link: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8268079/

Email: roy.basten@hdr.mq.edu.au, kiourti.1@osu.edu

Tissue / Anatomy: muscle

Materials used: water, agar, gelatin

Material state: Gel / hydrogel (cast)

Frequency range / Wavelength: MHz band wireless power transfer frequencies, centered at 6.78 MHz (with measurements also covering approximately 6-10 MHz resonant conditions)

Measurement instruments: vector network analyzer

B · B.3 · Ref 5

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Broadband Compact Substrate-Independent Textile Wearable Antenna for Simultaneous Near- and Far-Field Wireless Power Transmission

Main Authors: Wagih

Publication link: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9756543

Email: mahm1g15@ecs.soton.ac.uk

Tissue / Anatomy: Human torso / chest (on-body wearable placement; layered human tissue model used for SAR evaluation)

Materials used: Conductive textile fabric (copper-nickel coated fabric, MetWeave by P&P); silk-coated Litz wire (40 µm strands) for embroidered coil; felt textile substrate (1 mm thickness); polyester-cotton textile substrate (0.44 mm thickness); lumped ceramic capacitors (coil tuning); flexible polyimide filament (rectifier integration)

Material state: Flexible solid textile structure with embroidered conductive elements

Frequency range / Wavelength: HF near-field: 6.78 MHz;
UHF / microwave far-field: 0.8-4.0 GHz (covering 868/915 MHz and 2.4 GHz bands)

Measurement instruments: Vector Network Analyzer (Rohde & Schwarz ZVB4); CST Microwave Studio (full-wave simulation); Nd:YAG not used (RF system); directional Yagi-Uda antenna (8.8 dBi gain) for far-field measurements; Mini-Circuits ZHL-4240W+ power amplifier; oscilloscope for DC output; Keysight ADS (rectifier harmonic-balance simulation)

B · B.4 · Ref 6

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new extrapolation expression for exposure evaluation inside a human-equivalent liquid phantom in the vicinity of wireless power transfer systems. Annals of Telecommunications

Main Authors: J Chakarothai, U Toro

Publication link: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12243-018-0678-8

Email: jerd@nict.go.jp, uno@cc.tuat.ac.jp

Tissue / Anatomy: Human liquid phantom

Materials used: Aqueous sodium chloride (NaCl) solution at 0.04 mol/L concentration contained in a glass tank,water, oil

Material state: Liquid

Frequency range / Wavelength: MHz band wireless power transfer frequencies, centered at 6.78 MHz (with measurements also covering approximately 6-10 MHz resonant conditions)

Measurement instruments: Isotropic electric-field / SAR probe (SPEAG ET3DV6); SAR data acquisition system (SPEAG DAE4 and EASY4); signal generator (Anritsu MG3670B); power amplifier (BONN Elektronik BSA0110-100); EM simulation software FEKO (MoM-based); calibrated water-filled glass phantom tank

B · B.5 · Ref 7

Free Full-text Available

Islam, T., and Roy, S. (2023). Low-profile meander line multiband antenna for wireless body area network (WBAN) applications with SAR analysis. Electronics, 12, 1416.

Main Authors: T Islam, S Roy

Publication link: https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/12/6/1416

Email: roys@umkc.edu

Tissue / Anatomy: Wet skin; muscle (fat attempted with limited accuracy)

Materials used: Deionized water; gelatin; sodium chloride (NaCl); vegetable oil; liquid detergent; food coloring

Material state: Semi-solid gel

Frequency range / Wavelength: 4.5-5.8 GHz

Measurement instruments: Keysight N1501A dielectric probe; vector network analyzer

C · C.1 · Ref 8

Free Full-text Available

Tissue-mimicking phantom materials for narrowband and ultrawideband microwave applications

Main Authors: M Lazebnik, S. Hagness

Publication link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16148391/

Email: lazebnik@cae.wisc.edu, susan.hagness@wisc.edu

Tissue / Anatomy: Generic human soft tissues across a wide water-content spectrum (e.g., muscle, wet skin, dry skin, breast fat, glandular tissue, cancerous tissue surrogates)

Materials used: Gelatin (200-bloom, calfskin-derived); deionized water; oil phase consisting of 50% kerosene and 50% safflower oil; liquid surfactant (dishwashing detergent); formaldehyde solution (cross-linking agent); p-toluic acid; n-propanol

Material state: Solid elastic gel (cross-linked oil-in-gelatin dispersion), mechanically stable and moldable

Frequency range / Wavelength: 0.5 GHz to 20 GHz

Measurement instruments: Open-ended coaxial dielectric probe (hermetic stainless-steel / borosilicate-glass design) connected to a vector network analyzer (VNA), with dielectric properties extracted using a rational-function model

C · C.2 · Ref 9

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Narrowband and broadband liquid phantoms of gastrointestinal tissues

Main Authors: Carnicero, Skrivervik

Publication link: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11097399

Email: Not specified

Tissue / Anatomy: oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, colon

Materials used: phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), distilled water, sodium chloride, Triton X-100

Material state: Liquid

Frequency range / Wavelength: 400-450 MHz, 900-950 MHz, 2.4-2.5 GHz, 5.7-5.9 GHz, 0.4-3 GHz, 0.4-6 GHz, 3.1-10.75 GHz

Measurement instruments: open-ended coaxial probe (SPEAG DAK 3.5), vector network analyzer (HP 8720C), SPEAG dielectric measurement software

C · C.3 · Ref 10

Free Full-text Available

Bio Phantoms Mimicking the Dielectric and Mechanical Properties of Human Skin Tissue at Low-Frequency Ranges

Main Authors: A. Kalra, G Anand

Publication link: https://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/mas/article/view/0/42807

Email: Not specified

Tissue / Anatomy: skin

Materials used: water, agar, gelatin

Material state: Gel / hydrogel (cast)

Frequency range / Wavelength: LF band

Measurement instruments: open-ended coaxial, spectroscopy

C · C.4 · Ref 11

Access via Institutional access or Springer+ membership

Bake your phantom: low-cost recipes for dough-based, tissue-mimicking CT phantoms.

Main Authors: S Wichelmann

Publication link: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00330-025-11887-5

Email: sonja.wichelmann@mevis.fraunhofer.de

Tissue / Anatomy: Generic human tissues for CT imaging (soft tissue, fat, muscle, spongy bone, compact bone, enamel); demonstrated example: human liver

Materials used: Wheat flour (type 405); iodized salt; water; plant-based margarine (rapeseed/coconut/palm oil blend); plant fat (palm/coconut/sunflower oil); citric acid

Material state: Semi-solid dough-based phantom (moldable, shape-stable at room temperature)

Frequency range / Wavelength: X-ray photon energies corresponding to CT tube voltages of 80-140 kVp

Measurement instruments: Clinical CT scanner (Siemens SOMATOM Definition AS+); scans performed at 80, 100, 120, and 140 kVp; reconstruction kernels B20f, B31f, B50f, and B80f; anthropomorphic liver mold produced using a PolyJet 3D printer (Stratasys J850 Prime)

D · D.1 · Ref 12

Free Full-text Available

Electromagnetic and thermal co-analysis of an implanted dipole antenna.

Main Authors: A. Alemaryeen, S. Noghanian

Publication link: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10722868

Email: ala.alemaryeen@ttu.edu.jo, sima_noghanian@ieee.org

Tissue / Anatomy: skin, fat, muscle

Materials used: Distilled water, computational + liquid phantom hybrids

Material state: liquid phantom, computational layered tissue model

Frequency range / Wavelength: 915 MHz

Measurement instruments: dipole antenna, microwave signal generator (Keysight N5183A), broadband power amplifier (PAS-00260-10), power meter (Keysight E4416A), digital thermometer (Omega HH147U), CST Microwave Studio

D · D.2 · Ref 13

Free Full-text Available

Development of an Anthropomorphic Phantom of the Axillary Region for Microwave Imaging Assessment

Main Authors: M Savazzi

Publication link: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/17/4968

Email: mlsavazzi@fc.ul.pt

Tissue / Anatomy: axillary region, axillary lymph nodes, fat, muscle, lung, bone

Materials used: conductive PLA polymer, Triton X-100, deionized water, sodium chloride

Material state: solid (bone), liquid (fat, muscle, lung, lymph node tissue-mimicking materials)

Frequency range / Wavelength: 0.5-8.5 GHz

Measurement instruments: open-ended coaxial probe, vector network analyzer (Keysight E5063A)

D · D.3 · Ref 14

Free Full-text Available

A realistic human head phantom for electromagnetic detection of brain diseases

Main Authors: Haocheng Li

Publication link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39897491/

Email: lhc19890327@vip.qq.com

Tissue / Anatomy: brain, skull, head

Materials used: stereolithography resin (JS-UV-2015-T), deionized water, glycerol, methanol, ethanol, sodium chloride, dye pigments, hot-melt adhesive

Material state: solid transparent polymer shell, liquid tissue-mimicking solutions

Frequency range / Wavelength: 0.3-3 GHz

Measurement instruments: CT scanner (GE LightSpeed 64-slice), MRI scanner (Siemens Verio 3.0 T), vector network analyzer (Keysight E5061B), open-ended dielectric probe (Keysight N1501A), microwave patch antenna, CST Studio Suite 2020

D · D.4 · Ref 15

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Development of microwave imaging system using UWB antenna array for inhomogeneity detection in human brain phantoms

Main Authors: S Karla

Publication link: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10856557

Email: sahil.kalra@iitjammu.ac.in

Tissue / Anatomy: human brain, homogeneous brain tissue, brain tumor inclusion

Materials used: polylactic acid (PLA), deionized water, safflower oil, propylene glycol, agar, xanthan gum, sodium chloride, formalin

Material state: solid shell (3D-printed PLA), semi-solid gel (brain and tumor mimicking material)

Frequency range / Wavelength: 1-6 GHz

Measurement instruments: UWB monopole antenna array, vector network analyzer (Keysight FieldFox N9917A), dielectric probe kit (Keysight N1501A), CST Studio Suite, MATLAB

D · D.5 · Ref 16

Free Full-text Available

Linear dimensional lung phantoms for the microwave-based detection of acute respiratory distress syndrome

Main Authors: R Augustine

Publication link: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-microwave-and-wireless-technologies/article/linear-dimensional-lung-phantoms-for-the-microwavebased-detection-of-acute-respiratory-distress-syndrome/B0E3552962C4F3E9CFEDFED34DEE6F21

Email: robin.augustine@angstrom.uu.se

Tissue / Anatomy: human lung, left lung lobe, right lung lobe, alveolar lung tissue

Materials used: deionized water, glycerine, gelatin, dextrin, corn flour, canola oil, TX-151, sodium chloride, sodium benzoate, surfactant (dishwashing liquid)

Material state: semi-solid heterogeneous lung tissue-emulating phantom

Frequency range / Wavelength: 0.5-13 GHz

Measurement instruments: open-ended coaxial dielectric probe (Keysight N1501A), vector network analyzer (Keysight FieldFox N9918A), standard gain horn antennas (8.2-12.4 GHz), CST Studio Suite electromagnetic simulator

D · D.6 · Ref 17

Free Full-text Available

Development of breast tissue-mimicking electrical and acoustic phantoms for magneto-acoustic electrical tomography

Main Authors: R Zengin, N Gencer

Publication link: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12096805/

Email: reyhan.zengin@inonu.edu.tr, ngencer@metu.edu.tr

Tissue / Anatomy: breast fat tissue, breast glandular tissue, breast tumor tissue

Materials used: sodium alginate, agar, graphite powder, propanediol, aluminum powder, glycine, distilled water, potassium sorbate

Material state: semi-solid hydrogel phantom

Frequency range / Wavelength: 1-8 MHz

Measurement instruments: Hioki IM3536 LCR meter, parallel-plate capacitor setup, 1 MHz linear phased array ultrasonic transducer (Imasonic), oscilloscope, magnetic stirrer with heater

E · E.1 · Ref 18

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Broadband tissue-equivalent phantom for body-area network applications at millimeter waves

Main Authors: Nacer Chahat

Publication link: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6200895

Email: nacer.e.chahat@jpl.nasa.gov

Tissue / Anatomy: human skin

Materials used: deionized water, agar, polyethylene powder, TX-151, sodium azide

Material state: semi-solid skin-equivalent phantom

Frequency range / Wavelength:

Measurement instruments: open-ended coaxial slim probe, Agilent 8510C vector network analyzer, infrared camera (FLIR SC5000), WR-15 open-ended rectangular waveguide, Gunn oscillator, Agilent E4418B power meter

E · E.2 · Ref 19

Free Full-text Available

Experimental Validation on Tissue-Mimicking Phantoms of Millimeter-Wave Imaging for Breast Cancer Detection

Main Authors: S dimeo

Publication link: https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/1/432

Email: na.dimeo@unipv.it

Tissue / Anatomy: Breast tissue, adipose-dominant breast tissue, neoplastic inclusion (tumor-mimicking)

Materials used: Solidified oil, polysorbate 80, oil-in-gelatin mixture, deionized water, gelatin, agar

Material state: Solid, semi-solid gel

Frequency range / Wavelength: 18-40 GHz

Measurement instruments: Double-ridge waveguides (PNR180), vector network analyzer (Keysight E8361C), open-ended coaxial dielectric probe (Keysight 85070E)

E · E.3 · Ref 20

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Characterization of low-cost tissue mimicking materials at millimeter-wave frequencies

Main Authors: R Aminzadeh

Publication link: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7146225

Email: reza.aminzadeh@ieee.org

Tissue / Anatomy: human skin surrogate, muscle tissue surrogate

Materials used: deionized water, gelatin powder, agar-agar, polyethylene powder, guar gum

Material state: semi-solid gel phantom

Frequency range / Wavelength: 20-40 GHz

Measurement instruments: open-ended coaxial slim probe, Agilent E8361C vector network analyzer, Agilent 85070 dielectric probe software, temperature-controlled incubator

E · E.4 · Ref 21

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Dielectric Properties Estimation of Normal and Malignant Skin Tissues at Millimeter-Wave Frequencies Using Effective Medium Theory

Main Authors: R Aminzadeh

Publication link: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6999804

Email: reza.aminzadeh@ieee.org

Tissue / Anatomy: stratum corneum, epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous fat, malignant skin lesions

Materials used: water, dry biological constituents (modeled components for effective medium theory)

Material state: Solid polymer / elastomer

Frequency range / Wavelength: 20-100 GHz

Measurement instruments: WR-15 rectangular waveguide, SEMCAD-X electromagnetic simulator, finite-difference time-domain solver

F · F.1 · Ref 22

Free Full-text Available

Development of a cornea-equivalent phantom in the terahertz frequency region for 3D temperature rise assessment

Main Authors: S Yamazaki

Publication link: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-025-99950-5

Email: syamazaki@nict.go.jp

Tissue / Anatomy: cornea, ocular surface tissue

Materials used: physiological saline solution, glycerin, agar, fluorescent thermoprobe polymer

Material state: semi-solid hydrogel phantom

Frequency range / Wavelength: 0.1-0.6 THz

Measurement instruments: THz TD-ATR spectrometer (ADVANTEST TAS7500TS), confocal laser scanning microscope (Olympus FV3000), thermoplate (TOKAI HIT), k-type thermocouple (Anritsu HD-1200K), silicon ATR prism

F · F.2 · Ref 23

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Measurement and Analysis of Optical Transmission Characteristics of the Human Skull

Main Authors: Shuang Liu

Publication link: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jbio.202400414

Email: liushuang80@pumch.cn

Tissue / Anatomy: Adult human skull (cranial bone)

Materials used: Adult human skull specimen; agar powder; India ink; distilled water

Material state: solid (human skull bone) and semi-solid (agar-based optical phantom)

Frequency range / Wavelength: 450-940 nm (optical / near-infrared)

Measurement instruments: 150 W Xenon lamp (GLORIA-150X, Jolly HANKLIGHT); optical bandpass filters (13 wavelengths); monochrome CMOS camera (FLIR Blackfly S BFS-U3-51S5M-C); digital microscope for skull thickness measurement (Keyence VHX-950F)

F · F.3 · Ref 24

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3D printed human skull phantoms for transcranial photoacoustic imaging

Main Authors: Thomas Kirchner

Publication link: https://opg.optica.org/abstract.cfm?uri=ECBO-2025-Tu2A.37

Email: thomas.kirchner@physik.uni-halle.de

Tissue / Anatomy: Human frontal cranial bone (adult skull; frontal region)

Materials used: Polylactide (PLA) filament (PLA Basic, PLA Matte, PLA Tough variants); degassed deionized water (coupling medium during measurements)

Material state: 3D-printed shell (rigid) + fill liquid/gel

Frequency range / Wavelength: Photoacoustic excitation at 1064 nm (optical); acoustic transmission analysis primarily below ~2 MHz

Measurement instruments: Nd:YAG pulsed laser (Quanta-Ray PRO-270-50H, Spectra-Physics) at 1064 nm; planar Fabry-Perot ultrasound sensor; raster-scanning interrogation laser system; galvanometer mirrors (GVS012, Thorlabs); data reconstruction using k-Wave toolbox

F · F.4 · Ref 25

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VITRO-P: Revolutionizing optical tissue phantoms with tailored vascular architectures.

Main Authors: I Barman

Publication link: https://advanced.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/adom.202500800

Email: ibarman@jhu.edu

Tissue / Anatomy: generic soft tissue, embedded vasculature, limb vasculature surrogate

Materials used: agarose, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), silicone (Dragon Skin 30), water-soluble resin (3Dresyn IM-UHT-WS), Formlabs clear resin v5, distilled water, polyethylene microspheres

Material state: solid hydrogel, solid elastomer, embedded hollow microchannels

Frequency range / Wavelength: visible to near-infrared optical wavelengths (brightfield optical imaging)

Measurement instruments: brightfield optical microscope, Photometrics CoolSNAP DYNO camera, Walter QZF microscope, Formlabs Form 3+ SLA 3D printer, Uniformation GK Two MSLA 3D printer, peristaltic pump, Arduino controller

F · F.5 · Ref 26

Free Full-text Available

Polyacrylamide Gel Calibration Phantoms for Quantification in Sodium MRI

Main Authors: S Rot

Publication link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40329665/

Email: samuel.rot.19@ucl.ac.uk

Tissue / Anatomy: generic soft tissue surrogate, brain tissue surrogate, skeletal muscle surrogate

Materials used: polyacrylamide, acrylamide monomer, N,N-methylenebisacrylamide, sodium chloride, nickel chloride, deionized water, ammonium persulfate, TEMED, TRIS buffer, TRIS hydrochloride, ProClin 150, mineral oil

Material state: solid cross-linked hydrogel

Frequency range / Wavelength: 3 T

Measurement instruments: Philips Ingenia CX 3 T MRI scanner, sodium birdcage RF coil (RAPID Biomedical), sodium MRI pulse-acquire sequence, high-precision balance (Adam Equipment Nimbus NBL 4602i), MATLAB

F · F.6 · Ref 27

Free Full-text Available

Improved metal suppression using new generation low-field MRI: a biophantom feasibility study

Main Authors: J Luitjens

Publication link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39365346/

Email: johanna.luitjens@gmail.com

Tissue / Anatomy: porcine knee joint, femur, tibia, cartilage, growth plate, cruciate ligaments

Materials used: porcine knee specimens, stainless steel screws, titanium screws

Material state: solid biological tissue with metallic implants

Frequency range / Wavelength: 0.55 T, 3.0 T

Measurement instruments: Siemens MAGNETOM Free.Max 0.55 T MRI scanner, Siemens MAGNETOM Vida 3.0 T MRI scanner, flex coil, knee coil, SEMAC, VAT, Horos DICOM viewer

G · G.1 · Ref 28

Free Full-text Available

Development of an Anthropomorphic Phantom of the Axillary Region for Microwave Imaging Assessment

Main Authors: M Savazzi

Publication link: https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/20/17/4968

Email: mlsavazzi@fc.ul.pt

Tissue / Anatomy: axillary region, axillary lymph nodes, fat, muscle, lung, bone

Materials used: conductive PLA polymer, Triton X-100, deionized water, sodium chloride

Material state: solid (bone), liquid (fat, muscle, lung, lymph node tissue-mimicking materials)

Frequency range / Wavelength: 0.5-8.5 GHz

Measurement instruments: open-ended coaxial probe, vector network analyzer (Keysight E5063A)

G · G.2 · Ref 29

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Anthropomorphic torso phantoms

Main Authors: R Augustine

Publication link: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10819975

Email: robin.augustine@angstrom.uu.se

Tissue / Anatomy: Human torso, skin, subcutaneous fat, muscle, rib bone, spinal column, visceral fat, heart

Materials used: Deionized water, canola oil, gelatin, TX-151, n-propanol, glycerin, dextrin, corn flour, sodium chloride, sodium benzoate, dishwashing liquid

Material state: Semi-solid, heterogeneous, multilayer cast phantom

Frequency range / Wavelength: 0.5-20 GHz

Measurement instruments: Open-ended coaxial dielectric probe, Keysight N1501A, Keysight FieldFox N9918A VNA, Sim4Life FDTD solver

G · G.3 · Ref 30

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Fabrication of low-cost heterogeneous anthropomorphic thyroid neck phantom for CT

Main Authors: K. Hameed

Publication link: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0969806X25002440

Email: khkhawaja@iau.edu.sa

Tissue / Anatomy: Thyroid gland, trachea, esophagus, cervical spine (spongiosa), adipose tissue, muscle tissue, thyroid carcinoma (neck region)

Materials used: Agar, beeswax, gelatin, glycerin, urea, sugar, distilled water, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Triton X-100 surfactant, safflower oil, calcium dihydrate phosphate, sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), potassium iodide (KI), hydrogen peroxide; PLA used only for 3D-printed molds

Material state: Solid (cast tissue-mimicking gels within silicone molds)

Frequency range / Wavelength: 10-200 keV (diagnostic X-ray / CT photon energy range)

Measurement instruments: Clinical CT scanner (GE Revolution HD); thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs) for dosimetry validation

G · G.4 · Ref 31

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Bake your phantom: low-cost recipes for dough-based, tissue-mimicking CT phantoms.

Main Authors: S Wichelmann

Publication link: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00330-025-11887-5

Email: sonja.wichelmann@mevis.fraunhofer.de

Tissue / Anatomy: Generic human tissues for CT imaging (soft tissue, fat, muscle, spongy bone, compact bone, enamel); demonstrated example: human liver

Materials used: Wheat flour (type 405); iodized salt; water; plant-based margarine (rapeseed/coconut/palm oil blend); plant fat (palm/coconut/sunflower oil); citric acid

Material state: Semi-solid dough-based phantom (moldable, shape-stable at room temperature)

Frequency range / Wavelength: X-ray photon energies corresponding to CT tube voltages of 80-140 kVp

G · G.5 · Ref 32

Free Full-text Available

Heterogeneous Breast Phantom Development for Microwave Imaging Using Regression Models

Main Authors: C Hahn, S Noghanian

Publication link: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1155/2012/803607

Email: sima_noghanian@ieee.org

Tissue / Anatomy: Breast (Skin, Fat, Fibroglandular)

Materials used: Deionized water, gelatin (Knox), vegetable oil, dish soap (Dawn), and formaldehyde (preservative)

Material state: Solid / Semisolid (Gels)

Frequency range / Wavelength: 2 GHz to 8 GHz

Measurement instruments: Agilent 85070E dielectric probe kit, Network Analyzer (PNA)

G · G.6 · Ref 33

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A Heterogeneous Breast Phantom for Microwave Breast Imaging

Main Authors: M Ostadrahimi, S Noghanian, S Pistorius

Publication link: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=5333347

Email: ostadrah@cc.umanitoba.ca, stephen.pistorius@cancercare.mb.ca, sima_noghanian@ieee.org

Tissue / Anatomy: Breast (Skin, Fat, Gland, Tumor)

Materials used: Skin: Graphite & Polyurethane; Interior: Water, gelatin, corn oil, dish soap, benzoic acid

Material state: Solid / Flexible (shaping possible)

Frequency range / Wavelength: 1 GHz to 10 GHz

Measurement instruments: Agilent 8722ES Vector Network Analyzer, 85070D Dielectric Probe Kit